Borneo, the third largest island in the world, is located in the extreme southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. With a length of 1,336 km from northeast to southwest and a maximum width of 960 km, the island stretches across the equator. Its diverse topography consists of both mountainous regions and extensive lowlands, particularly in Central Kalimantan and Sarawak, where the coastal areas are often swampy. The island is home to a remarkable series of mountain ranges that extend southwestward. Mount Kinabalu, situated in the far northeast, stands as the highest peak on the island, reaching an elevation of 4,095 meters. Other notable mountain ranges in the central spine include the Crocker, Nieuwenhuis, and Muller mountains. Towards the west, the Kapuas Hulu Mountains branch out from the central core, running along the border between Sarawak and West Kalimantan. Additionally, a separate and intermittent series of ranges parallel the east and southeast coasts in East and South Kalimantan. Borneo's landscape is predominantly covered by dense rainforests, which contribute to its rich biodiversity. These forests are also renowned for their epiphytes, plants that grow on other plants, and are home to the Monster Flower, the world’s largest flower. The island's fauna is equally diverse, with several endemic mammal species. The Bornean Clouded Leopard and Proboscis Monkey are unique to Borneo, adding to its ecological significance. Other notable animals found on the island include orangutans, gibbons, and elephants. Borneo is also a haven for numerous species of birds, insects, and fish, further enhancing its reputation as a biodiversity hotspot.
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