Franz-Josef-Land is an archipelago of the Russian Federation located in the Arctic Ocean. It is populated only by military personnel. It consists of 192 islands covering an area of 16,134 square kilometers, stretching 375 kilometers from east to west and 234 kilometers from north to south, and is the northernmost part of the Arkhangelsk Oblast. The archipelago's unique geography and harsh Arctic climate make it a challenging environment for human habitation. The climate is characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool summers. The terrain is largely composed of glaciers, ice caps, and rocky outcrops, with limited vegetation and no permanent settlements. Despite the inhospitable conditions, Franz-Josef-Land has significant strategic importance for Russia, with a number of military bases and installations scattered throughout the archipelago. The Russian military uses the islands as a key location for monitoring and defending the country's northern borders, as well as conducting scientific research and testing new military technologies. In addition to its military significance, Franz-Josef-Land is also an important site for scientific research, with numerous research stations and expeditions operating on the islands. Scientists from around the world come to the archipelago to study the unique Arctic environment, including the effects of climate change, the behavior of marine wildlife, and the geological features of the region. The history of Franz-Josef-Land is closely tied to the exploration and colonization of the Russian Arctic. The archipelago was discovered in 1873 by an Austro-Hungarian expedition led by Julius von Payer and Karl Weyprecht, and was subsequently claimed by Russia.
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