France

France is a northwestern European country, historically and culturally one of the most important nations in the Western world, and a major player in international affairs with former colonies around the world. Bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, the Alps and the Pyrenees, France has long been a bridge - geographically, economically and linguistically - between the north and the south of Europe. It is the most important agricultural producer in Europe and one of the leading industrial powers in the world. Formed in the Middle Ages from an alliance of duchies and principalities under a single ruler, France is one of the oldest nations in the world. French culture is at once universal and particular. It has spread far and wide, influencing the development of the arts and sciences, especially anthropology, philosophy and sociology. One of the world's most important cultural and commercial centers, Paris is the capital and by far the most important city in France. Known as the Ville Lumière, or City of Light, this majestic city has been transformed many times, most famously in the mid-19th century under the leadership of Georges-Eugène, Baron Haussman, who wanted to create a modern city, free of the old choleric swamps and crowded alleys, with wide avenues and a regular layout, as Napoleon III had envisioned. Now one of Europe's largest metropolitan areas, Paris remains one of the world's most charming cities. With 52 sites listed by UNESCO, France has cities of great cultural significance, beaches and seaside resorts, ski areas and rural regions that are appreciated by many for their beauty and serenity.